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Altho farming agriculture and cattle-raising must,
for the time being, comprise the main source of industry of
the population of the Ukraine, this blessed land does not
lack other resources as well. Very great mineral resources
lie in various districts of the Ukraine; the largest in the
Donetz Plateau, in the Carpathians, and in the Caucasus.
There is little prospect, to be sure, that the Ukraine might,
with the aid of its mineral resources, become an industrial
country like Germany or England, yet there does exist
some hope that it will soon be in a position to provide its
own needs in the way of industrial products.
Gold is found in the Ukraine only in traces, hardly
worth mentioning, in the gold-containing quartz of the
Naholni kriaz in the Donetz Plateau. Silver, together with
lead, appears much more frequently, chiefly in the Kuban
and Terek regions of the Caucasus, where, in 1910, about
300,000 q. of lead and silver ore were mined (73% of the
total Russian production), yielding 25.5 q. of silver (90%)
and about 11,000 q. of lead (81%), and also in the Donetz
region and in the Ukrainian Carpathians of the Bukowina
and Northern Hungary. The amount produced outside
of the Caucasus, on the other hand, is very insignificant.
Zinc is found only in small quantities in the Naholni kriaz
Tin, nickel, chromium and platinum are not found any-
where in the Ukraine.
The first in the series of the more important mining
products of the Ukraine is mercury. It is obtained from
the cinnabar mines of Mikitivka, in the Donetz Plateau.
Here, 842,000 q. of cinnabar were mined in 1905, yielding
320,000 kilograms of mercury. Outside the Ukraine, the
Russian Empire has no mercury mines worthy of mention.
Copper ore is found in the Donetz Plateau, in Kherson
and Tauria, in the Bukowina and Marmarosh, yet the
production is comparatively small. Much greater is the
copper production of the Caucasus, where, in 1910, about
2,500,000 q. of copper ore (35% of the Russian production)
and 81,000 q. of copper (31%) were gained.
Much more important is the manganese production of
the Ukraine. Manganese ores are gained chiefly from the
oligocene strata of the Nikopol region (on the lower Dnieper),
and in Eastern Podolia. The production for the year 1907
amounted to 3,245,000 q., or 32% of the total Russian out-
put and about one-sixth of the output of the world.
But all the remaining metal resources of the Ukraine
disappear, as it were, beside the enormous wealth of iron
of the land. Iron ores are found in great quantities in
very many places in the Ukraine; many deposits have not
been sufficiently explored to make exploitation seem advis-
able, and many, for various reasons, are not being exploited.
The iron production of the Ukraine is consequently limited
to a few centers, but in these it is of very great importance.
The most important center of iron mining is Krivi Rih
(Government of Kherson) and vicinity. The annual pro-
duction here (1903 1904) amounted to 26J^ million
metric hundredweights. The entire supply of iron ore at
KriviRih is estimated at 870 million metric hundredweights,
but in the immediate vicinity there lie much larger un-
touched deposits. The iron content of the ores (red and
brown iron ore) is 60 75%.
Other iron ore deposits of the Ukraine are of much
less significance. Only in the Donetz Plateau and in the
vicinity of Kerch are iron ores still mined in considerable
quantities. The iron ore deposits of the Caucasus, the
brown iron ores and swamp-ores of Volhynia, of the western
Kiev country and of the Polissye, are not exploited, and in
in the Ukrainian Carpathians of the Bukowina and North-
eastern Hungary, iron mining is dying out.
The iron production of the Russian Ukraine in 1907
amounted to 39.9 million q.,that is, 73% of the total Russian
production. The figures for the years following are:
190840.3 million q.=74%; 190939 million q.=74%;
191043.4 million q.=74%; 191151.1 million q.=72%.
These figures show clearly enough what a wealth of iron
the Ukraine possesses, and what part the country plays as
the chief producer of iron for Russia.
We now come to the second group of mineral resources,
the mineral fuels. In this respect, too, the Ukraine is
richly supplied. The Ukraine possesses but one coal-field
in the Donetz Plateau, but this coal-field is one of the largest
and richest in Europe. Its surface area is 23,000 square
kilometers, the annual production (1911) 203 million
metric hundredweights, that is, 70% of the total production
of coal of the entire Russian Empire. Then, the coal-district
on the Donetz is very rich in anthracite. In 1911, approxi-
mately 31 million metric hundredweights of anthracite
were gained here (98.5% of the total Russian production).
For coke-making, practically the only coal that can be
used in Russia is the Donetz coal. In 1911, 33.7 million
metric hundredweights of coke was gained in the Donetz
region; in all the remaining coal districts of the Russian
Empire, barely 13,600 q.
From these figures we see clearly that the Ukraine,
despite its general agrarian character, possesses great
supplies of coal, that indispensable aid in modern industry.
To be sure, the Ukraine takes only seventh rank in the
world's coal production (being preceded by the United
States, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France
and Belgium) yet it is, nevertheless, not to be despised as a
producing district. When we consider the backward
state of material culture in Russia as a whole, the youth of
the Ukrainian coal-mining industry, and the centripetal
railway tariff policy of the Russian Government, we must
come to realize that, with better conditions, a brilliant
future awaits the Ukrainian coal industry.
The brown-coal deposits of the Ukraine are as yet but
slightly explored, and, in themselves, much less important
than the pit-coal deposits. A brown-coal field of 5000
square kilometers is part of the tertiary strata of the
Dnieper Plateau (Kiev- Yelisa vet coal region). Toward
the end of the past century an annual average of 82,000 q.
of brown-coal was mined here (Katerinopol, Zuraska).
Just as unimportant is the brown-coal production in the
Caucasian foothills (Batalpashinsk). In the Carpathian
foothill country and in the Rostoch, in 1901, over 1 million
metric hundredweights of brown-coal was mined; in 1905
barely one-half that amount. Notwithstanding, some
importance must be attached to the brown-coal industry
in the Ukraine for the future.
Large peat deposits are widely distributed in the Polissye,
in Volhynia, Podlakhia, Galicia, Kiev, Podolia, etc., but
extremely little is done in the way of rational exploitation.
Only in the Polissye and in Galicia (40 places in 1905) is
peat cut on a large scale, altho its importance, especially
for the districts of the Ukraine, which have few forests,
should not be underestimated.
In petroleum and ozokerite the Ukraine is the richest
land in Europe. Along the great bend of the Carpathians,
beginning at the Poprad Pass, one petroleum district
crowds close upon the next. They lie almost exclusively in
the Ukrainian territory of Galicia, e. g., Borislav and
Tustanovichi, which, in 1907, yielded about 86% of the
Galician petroleum output, in the Ukrainian District of
Drohobich. The Galician petroleum production in 1911
amounted to 14.9 million metric hundredweights (in 1907
even 17.5 million metric hundredweights), and takes third
rank in the world's production (being outranked by Russian
Caucasia and the United States). Considerable naphtha
fields are also found in the Ukrainian sub-Caucasian country,
where, in 1910, near Hrosni and Maikop, 12.6 million
metric hundredweights of petroleum were gained. From
the eastern tip of Crimea and the Taman peninsula to the
Caspian Sea immense treasures of petroleum are hidden.
The only place in the world where ozokerite is found
in large quantities is Eastern Galicia. In 1885 Borislav
yielded 123,000 q. of this rare mineral. The unexampled
wastefulness in mining accounts for the fact that, in 1911,
Borislav together with other small sub-Carpathian mines
(Dsviniach, Starunia, Truskavetz) yielded barely 19,400
q. of ozokerite. Ozokerite is also found in the Ukrainian
sub-Caucasus country, but in inconsiderable quantities.
Quite as important as the iron, coal and petroleum
deposits of the Ukraine, are its salt deposits. The Ukraine
has three districts of salt-production the Carpathian
foothills, the Donetz Plateau, and the Pontian-Caspian
salt-lake and liman region. The sub-Carpathian salt-
mines and salt-works of Galicia (Latzke, Drohobich,
Stebnik, Bolekhiv, Dolina, Kalush, Delatin, Lanchin,
Kossiv) all lie within Ukrainian national territory, with the
single exception of Vielichka and Bokhnia. In 1911 Galicia
produced about 1,440,000 q. of rock salt, most of which, to
be sure, must be credited to Vielichka and Bokhnia. On
the other hand, the 1,690,000 q. of manufactured salt and
brine were produced mainly in the Ukrainian part of Galicia.
In 1908 the salt production of the Ukrainian part of Galicia
amounted to only 540,000 q. In the Donetz region there
are immense deposits of rock-salt in the vicinity of Bakh-
mut (e. g., Branzivka with a deposit of pure rock-salt 100
meters deep). Here, in 1911, about 4.9 million metric
hundredweights of rock-salt were mined (86% of the total
Russian rock-salt production) and the rich salt-springs
and salt-lakes exploited besides. In the Ponto-Caspian
region first place in held by the salt-lakes and limans of
Crimea, then follow the limans of the Kherson region
(Knyalnik, etc.), the Manich lakes, etc. The amount
produced vacillates between 3^ and 5% million metric
hundredweights a year, and depends largely on the degree
of dryness and heat of the summer season. The total
salt production of the Russian Ukraine in 1907 attained
10 million metric hundredweights, or 53% of the production
of the entire Russian Empire.
Nitre salts are found in great quantites only in the
Ukrainian sub-Carpathian country. In 1901 the amount
produced was about 179,000 q.; in the year of 1908 it
decreased to 121,000 q.
Besides the abovementioned most important treasures
of the soil, minerals less important, but yet noteworthy,
are found in the Ukraine. In Podolia and the adjoining
border strips of Bessarabia there lie some rich deposits of
phosphorites (70 75% phosphoric acid), out of which, in
1907, over 114,000 q. (72% of the total Russian production)
were mined. In the districts of Katerinoslav, Kherson,
Poltava, Chernihiv, Kiev, Volhynia, in 1907, over 216,000
q. of kaolin were mined. Outside of the Ukraine no kaolin
is found in Russia. Good pottery clays are found thruout
the Ukraine, mostly around Kiev, Chernihiv and Poltava.
Fireproof clays occur in the Donetz Plateau, slate in the
Zaporoze (Katerinoslav), lithographic stone in Podolia
(near Kamianez and Mohiliv), graphite (in inconsiderable
quantities, to be sure) in Volhynia, on the Sluch River, near
Krivi Rih (Kherson), in the districts of Kiev and Kateri-
noslav, mineral paints near Lissichansk (Donetz region),
Krivi Rih, and Yelisavet (Kherson), Stari Oskol (Kursk).
Sulphur is obtained on the upper course of the Kuban
River, pumice stone in the Caucasus, rotten-stone near
Svenihorodka (Kiev). Mill-stones are obtained in many
places, the best variety near Hlukhiv (Chernihiv), whet-
stones especially in the Poltava region and in the Devonian
region of Galician-Podolia (Terebovla). Chalk is widely
distributed in Podolia, Volhynia and Kharkiv, gypsum in
Podolia and Pokutia (beautiful alabasters), as well as in
the Donetz region. Building-stones, lime, sand, loam are
found everywhere in the Ukraine and are of good quality.
The most fit for masonry work are the devonian sandstone
of Podolia, the granite gneisses of the Dnieper Plateau,
and the old eruptive formations of Volhynia.
From this short survey of the mineral resources of the
Ukraine, we perceive that the Ukraine, altho in this
respect it does not compare with the countries of Western
and Central Europe, yet does produce a great deal, and
after a thoro change in the political and cultural conditions,
should be able to occupy an important place in the world's
production of mineral wealth. At present the Ukrainian
people contributes only the poorly-paid labor, while the
profit falls to the foreign rulers.
Industry
The industry of the Ukraine is now in an important
stage of transition. The originally very important home
industries which, until recently, satisfied all the needs of
the peasantry, cannot endure the competition with the
factory system of large-scale industry, which is penetrating
more and more deeply into those regions of the Ukraine
that lie farthest from the highways of the world's trade.
Home industry is declining irresistibly, factory industry is
developing more and more, and, altho the latter is still
young and is retarded, in the textile branches, by the
centralization of industry at Moscow, still the Ukraine
(especially the southern part) is on the way to becoming the
most important industrial district of all Russia.
Ukrainian home industry is just as old and of as high
a grade as all the popular culture of the Ukrainians
this typical primitive agricultural people. The products
of Ukrainian home industry are characterized above all by
their great solidity and durability. Their distinguishing
feature is in the original ornamentation on all objects,
even those destined for every-day use, noticeable particu-
larly in the products of the textile, wood-carving and
pottery industries. Anyone who knows Ukrainian home
industry is overcome by a sad feeling when he perceives that
this industry, which may really be called a fine art, will
soon be a thing of the past. The foreign rulers of the
Ukraine are hostile, or at best indifferent, to Ukrainian
home industry, and all efforts of the Ukrainians to promote
their very vital native home industry are hindered at
every turn. The middlemen ruthlessly exploit the artisan,
whose earnings are a mere pittance, insufficient even for the
contented Ukrainian. More and more of those who work
at a trade are turning their backs upon their thankless
occupations, if they can only find a means of subsistence
at something else.
The most important branch of Ukrainian home in-
dustry is weaving. It is not confined only to the weaving of
coarse, very durable kinds of linen and cloth; for very
fine, sometimes really artistically ornamented tablecloths,
towels and handkerchiefs, fine woolens, decorative fabrics
with inwoven patterns, gold and silver thread, carpets and
tapestries, too, come out of the primitively equipped
workshops of the Ukrainian weavers. Under very difficult
working conditions, with the most primitive means, genuine
works of art are frequently created. For all that, the
artistic weaver must yield place to factory goods, even in
the Ukraine, and the home weaving industry is surely
hurrying toward extinction.
Yet, to this day, thanks to the persistence of the people
in preserving their national costume, the weaving industry
is still so widespread thruout the Ukraine that there is
hardly a hamlet where there are not some weavers by
trade, or at least such persons as carry on weaving as an
avocation. Home weaving is at its height in the districts
of Poltava, where it occupies 20,000 families (1902),
Chernihiv and Kharkiv. Its chief centers are Krolevetz
and vicinity, Sinkiv,Mirhorod,Zolotonosha (wool -weaving).
In Galicia, the entire Ukrainian Pidhirye is famous for
its home weaving industry; in the mountains it is the
neighborhood of Kossiv, in the low country the districts
of Horodok, Komarno, Halich, Busk, etc., which are
important in this connection. The most beautiful carpets
and tapestries, worked in colors, come from the districts of
Mirhorod and Sinkiv (Poltava), Olhopol, Balta, Yampol,
Bratzlav (Podolia), Sbaraz, Buchach, Kossiv (Eastern
Galicia).
Tailoring is nowhere developed to large proportions,
altho no place, not even the smallest village, is without it.
In Poltava, tailoring and cap-making occupies over 10,000
families.
Rope-making is very common thruout the Ukraine,
mostly in the districts of Poltava, Kiev (Lissianka) and in
Galicia (Radimno). Nets are made in the district of
Lokhvitza (Poltava) and Oster (Chernihiv) on a large
scale.
After the textile industry comes the wood-working
industry. It is common, everywhere in the Ukraine, the
steppe country alone excepted. Almost every Ukrainian
peasant of the Carpathian Mountains, of the Polissye,
Volhynia, Kiev, Chernihiv, knows the carpenter trade.
The best carpenters are the Hutzulians, who, independently,
without drawn plans, build churches of fine style, even for
the most distant villages of the low country.
Ship-building is carried on chiefly in the Polissye
(Mosir, Petrikiv, Balazevichi on the Pripet, and parti-
cularly Davidhorodok on the Horin). On the Dnieper
River, ships are built at Horodnia, small sea-vessels in
Nikopol, Oleshki, Hola Pristan, Kherson; on the Don in
Osiv (Azof). On the Dniester, river-ships are built in
Zuravno, Halich, Zvanetz, Mohiliv, Yampol.
Cabinet-making, altho in general but slightly developed,
still supplies the demand of the peasantry and the common
city-dwellers. Artistic cabinet-making is carried on in the
Hutzul country (Kossiv, Yavoriv, Richka, Viznitza),
where, besides furniture, various kinds of woodwork,
decorated with artistic carvings and with the beautifully
conventionalized specifically Hutzulian bead and brass-
wire ornaments are produced, e. g., canes, boxes, picture-
frames, etc. The furniture industry is common in the
District of Cherkassia (Kiev) and in the entire Poltava
country. Here, too, beautiful and durable wooden chests
are made. Wooden spoons are produced in the districts of
Poltava (Kalaidintzi), Kiev (Chornobil, Hornostapol), in
the Hutzul country (Porohy, Yavoriv), in the Rostoche
region (Yavoriv, Vishenka), and smoking-pipes of wood in
the Poltava region (Velika Pavlivka).
Cooperage and the making of wooden vessels is common
everywhere, but it is most extensive in the districts of
Poltava (3,700 families), Kharkiv (Okhtirka, Kotelva),
Polissye (Mosir), Kiev (District of Radomishl), Chernihiv,
Volhynia and the Hutzul country.
Wagon-making and the making of sleds and wooden
agricultural implements has its chief center in the Poltava
country, where it occupies over 2400 families (Districts of
Sinikiv, Lubni, Hadyach). In the Kharkiv country this
industry is important about Starobilsk, Bohodukhiv,
Isium, Kupiansk, as well. In Ardon (Government of
Chernihiv) beautiful carriages are produced and in Tarash-
cha (Government of Kiev) the world-renowned tarantas.
The shingle industry, charcoal-burning, pitch and
potash-making are met with only in the Carpathians and in
the Polissye region. Yet, not so long ago, these comprised
one of the most important branches of industry of the
forest-dwellers. Basket-weaving is especially developed in
the Poltava region (about 1000 families, chiefly in the
Districts of Lokhvizia and Kupiansk), to some degree
also in Podolia (Districts of Litin and Vinitza), Kherson,
Kiev, Polissye about Mosir. Sieves are made everywhere
the wood industry is established. Bast shoes are made only
in the Polissye region.
Among the branches of industry in which mineral
substances are used, pottery takes first rank. Thanks to
great deposits of splendid pottery clay, the Ukrainian
pottery industry developed very early and now stands
upon a very high plane. Its products usually have fine
form and beautiful ornamentation. Pottery is best
developed in the Poltava region, especially in the Districts
of Mirhorod, Sinkiv (well-known center of Oposhnia),
Romen and Lokhivizia. In the Chernihiv country pottery
is almost as important, especially in the vicinity of Horod-
nia, Krolevetz, Hlukhiv (Poloshki and Novhorod Siversky).
In the Kharkiv region we' find large pottery works in the
regions of Valki, Lebedin, Okhtirka, Bohodukhiv, Isium;
in the Kiev country about Chihirin, Uman, Cherkassia,
Svenihorodka, Kaniv, in Podolia about Mohiliv, Ushitza,
Yampol, and Letichiv. In Galicia the Rostoche region
(Potilich, Hlinsko, etc.), Podolia (Chortkiv, Borshchiv,
Kopichintzi, etc.), and especially the Hutzul country
(Kolomia, Kossiv, Pistin, Kuti) are renowned for pottery
products. In other regions of the Ukraine pottery is less
developed.
The brick-making industry is actively growing all
over the Ukraine, and the introduction of tile-covered brick
buildings has led to the formation of numerous peasant
organizations, for the purpose of making these building-
materials.
The stone-cutting industry is carried on on a large scale
only in the region of Odessa, Olexandrivsk (Kamishevakha)
and Bakhmut.
The metal-working industry is, in general, not highly
advanced. Only the blacksmith trade is carried on every-
where and shows a fine development, especially in the
Southern Ukraine. In the village smithies in Kherson,
Katerinoslav and Tauria, even complicated agricultural
machines are often made. The production of iron ploughs
has for its centers the districts of Starobilsk (the village of
Bilovodsk produces on the average 3% thousand ploughs
a year), Isium and Valki of the Kharkiv country, in the
Chernihiv country (districts of Starodub and Sossnitza),
in the Poltava country (Zolotonosha and vicinity). Artistic
brass-work is made by the Hutzuls of the Kossiv region
(Brusturi, Yavoriv, etc.).
The utilization of animal raw-materials plays an im-
portant part in the home industry of the Ukraine. Sausage-
makers are found in all the towns of the Ukraine, especially
those of the left half, and their products enjoy a
good reputation, even beyond the borders of the land.
Tanning and fur-manufacturing nourish in the Ukraine."
Ukrainian workmen have had no small share in earning
world-renown for the Russian leather industry. The
chief centers of this home industry lie in the districts of
Chernihiv (in the regionsof Chernihiv, Koseletz, Krolevetz),
Poltava (about Sinkiv, Poltava, Reshetilivka with its
famous furriery, Pereyaslav, Kobeliaki), Kharkiv (about
Okhtirka, Valki, Isium, Sumi). In the Government of
Voroniz, the village of Buturlinivka is noted for its leather
industry. Shoemaking engages over 9000 families in
Poltava (districts of Sinkiv, Kobeliaki, Romen, Konstan-
tinohrad, etc.). In the region of Kharkiv, the towns of
Okhtirka and Kotelva are the main centers of the shoe-
making industry, in the Chernihiv country the regions of
Novosibkiv, Borsna and Oster. In the region of Voroniz
(districts of Bobrivsk, Biriuch, Valuiki) there are over
12,000 shoemakers. In the Ukrainian part of Kursk the
chief centers are the districts of Sudza (5000 shoemakers,
3000 of them in Miropilia alone) and Hraivoron. In
Galicia we find a strongly developed 9hoemaking and
tanning industry in Horodok, Kulikiv, Busk, Uhniv,
Stari Sambir, Ribotichi, Nadvirna, Buchach, Potik, etc.
The horn industry, especially the making of horn combs ,
appears in Mirhorod and Sinkiv, in Kharkiv and about
Sumi.
Of the numerous other branches of home industry in
the Ukraine the organized (guild) painters of sacred pictures,
of whom there are over 300 families in the Poltava region,
may be mentioned in passing.
So much for home industry. The factory industry of
the Ukraine is still in its infancy. Notwithstanding, it is
already producing so much, despite its youth, that Southern
Ukraine, in particular, is on the way to becoming the most
important industrial < center of all Russia. Large-scale
production in the Ukraine is carried on almost exclusively
by foreign (Russian, Jewish, English, French and Belgian)
capitalists the Ukrainians contribute only the poorly-
paid labor. Ukrainian large-scale industry must wage a
hard battle against the economic policy of the Russian
Government, which aims to stop the declining preponder-
ance of the Moscow and St. Petersburg centers of industry,
and to prevent the industrial rise of the south.
The total value of the industrial output of the Russian
Ukraine, in 1908, was approximately 870 million rubles, or
19% of the total Russian large-scale production. The
production of the Austrian Ukraine amounts to not even
one-tenth of this amount. The main centers of large-scale
production are Katerinoslav (166.2 million rubles),
Kiev (143.5), Kherson (127.5), and Kharkiv (98.7).
Ukrainian large-scale industry concerns itself chiefly with
the manufacturing of the mineral products of the land
and the preparation of foods. The textile industry is
artificially suppressed in the interests of the Central
Russian industrial districts.
The cotton industry is confined to only a few small
factories in the Don region (Rostiv, Nakhichevan) and
Katerinoslav (Pavlokichkas). The woolen industry is
less limited (Chernihiv country, especially Klinzi, then
Kharkiv, Kiev, the Don region, Volhynia). The linen
and hemp industry is well developed only in the Chernihiv
country (Pochep, Mhlin, Starodub, Novosibkiv) and in
Kherson (Odessa) jute factories are also found. The
clothing industry is worthy of mention only in Kherson and
the larger cities of Eastern Galicia.
Of the many branches of the food industry, the first to be
mentioned is the manufacture of sugar. The sugar refineries
of the Ukraine, more than 200 in number (most of them in
the territories of Kiev, Kharkiv, Podolia, Kherson),
produce annually (1904) over 6.6 million metric hundred-
weights of raw sugar and 3.9 metric hundredweights of
refined sugar. These figures represent 76% and 68%
respectively of the total Russian output. It is remarkable
that in the Austrian Ukraine, where the sugar industry
has the finest possibilities of expanding, it is entirely
undeveloped (only two factories). The milling industry,
which, in general, is carried on chiefly in small water and
wind-mills, possesses also some large mills operated by
steam (Kharkiv, Kiev, Poltava, Kreminchuk, Odessa,
Mikolaiv, Melitopol, Lviv, Brody, Ternopil, Stanislaviv,
Kolomia, etc.). Another important industry is alcohol-
distillation, which is well advanced in all parts of the
Ukraine, but particularly in Russian and Galician Podolia
(Galicia has 800 stills), Kharkiv and Kiev. The beer-brewing
industry is but slightly developed, and the only districts
in which it yields a product of some quality are Galicia
and the Bukowina. Mead brewing, also a common industry,
is carried on on a large scale only in the Kharkiv country
and in Eastern Galicia. Oil-pressing is important in the
territories of Kherson (Odessa), Kiev, Chernihiv (Pochep,
Novosibkiv), in Kharkiv and in Kreminchuk. The impor-
tant tobacco industry is carried on to a considerable degree
in 100 factories in the Russian Ukraine (Kiev, Kharkiv,
Odessa, Zitomir, Poltava, Kreminchuk, Romen, Kater-
inoslav, Mikolaiv, etc.) as well as in three government
factories in Galicia (Vinniki, Monastiriska and Zabolotiv).
The lumber industry embraces large saw-mills in the
Carpathian mountain districts of Galicia, the Bukowina
and Northeastern Hungary, as well as long the Pripet and
Dnieper Rivers (Mosir, Kreminchuk, Katerinoslav, Kher-
son, etc.,). The cork industry is established in Odessa, the
paper industry in Rostiv, Odessa, Kharkiv, Poltava.
The most important branch of Ukrainian large-scale
industry is the metal-industry. The Ukrainian iron in-
dustry, despite its youth, has rapidly surpassed the Polish,
Moscow and Ural industry, and would be even more
advanced if the economic policy of the Russian Govern-
ment had not taken measures for the protection of the
Moscow and Ural industry from the industrial competition
of the Ukraine. Hence, the Ukrainian metal industry
must furnish chiefly semi-manufactured goods, which are
afterwards worked into finished goods in the center of the
Empire.
In 1911, there were obtained in the Ukraine, 24,625,000
q. of cast iron, that is, 67.4% of the total Russian produc-
tion; in 1912 the percentage is said to have reached 70%,
while the rest, 30%, is accredited to Poland, Great-Russia
and Russian-Asia. In 1911 the Ukraine produced 18.8
metric hundredweights (55.6% of the total Russian
production) of wrought iron and steel, and in the year 1912,
it attained the same percentage. The significance of these
figures is at once apparent.
The iron works of the Ukraine lie chiefly near Krivi
Rih, in Katerinoslav and vicinity, Olexandrivsk, the
Donetz Plateau and the adjacent districts (Yusivka, Hru-
shivka, Tahanroh, Mariupol, Kerch, etc.). The nail and
wire industry has its center in Katerinoslav, machine-
manufacturing in Katerinoslav, Kiev, Kharkiv, Yelisavet,
Odessa, Olexandrivsk, Mikolaiv and Berdiansk. The
iron steamship building industry has its seat in Rostiv and
Mikolaiv. In Galicia we find only a very small iron
industry, and at best a few railway supplies, factories and
workshops are worthy of mention, e. g., those in Sianik
(car factory), New Sandetz and Lemberg.
Of the other branches of industry which manufacture
mineral products, the petroleum refineries must be men-
tioned above all, particularly those of the Carpathian
foothill country (Horlitzi, Drohobich, Kolomia) and at the
foot of the Caucasus (Hrosni). The factory industry of
pottery is carried on in Lviv and Kharkiv; porcelain and
chinaware manufacture in the Kharkiv region (Budi,
Slaviansk) and in Odessa; cement manufacture in the Black
Sea region, in Odessa and in the Bukowina; brick and tile
manufacture in all the large cities of the Ukraine. Glass
manufacture, once very extensive in the forest regions of
the Western Ukraine (Rostoche, Volhynia), is now con-
fined to the neighborhood of Kharkiv, Horodnia and Bakh-
mut. Of the different branches of the chemical industry,
the manufacture of matches is important; its seat is in the
Chernihiv country near Novosibkiv, and in the Galician
sub-Carpathian country (Striy, Skole, Bolekhiv, etc.).
This does not exhaust the branches of industry of the
Ukraine, but, because of their comparative insignificance,
we must desist from describing them. Having now come
to the end of our presentation of Ukrainian industry, we
have still to consider what percentage of Ukrainians engage
in industrial pursuits. According to official Russian esti-
mates of the year 1897, the percentage is barely 5% (in
Galicia, according to Buzek's biassed calculation, 1.4%).
The smallness of the figures would surprise us if we did
not know how the Russian and Polish nationality "make"
their statistics; nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the
Ukrainian people still engage too little in industry. Among
the Ukrainians who seek their subsistence in industry,
the greatest number (14%) engage in the making of clothing;
then follow, in order, the building, metal, lumber and food
industries, linen-weaving and pottery.
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